Dear Comm 150 section 9 (Comm--Interpersonal 0702--my Afternoon class)
After you have posted your entry for today's class to your blog, please copy your post as a comment to this post in my blog. Later, I will edit my post with my thoughts about today's class.
Thanks!
Brother Adams
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Um... Okay, well I sometimes am sort of long-winded, so I'll just post excerpts from today/monday because I don't want to take up all the space on here. Feel free to peruse the rest of this at my blog (the link is on my profile; just click on my name and scroll down to the bottom of the page, it's the one with the title about conversation).
today:
Before engaging in autobiographical responses (APIE), one must first evaluate the dynamics of the situation. When you're in a situation where there are low levels of trust (perhaps someone has a deficit in their Personal Bank Account) and high levels of emotion (this sort of situation is sometimes colloquially referred to as "facing off"), you really don't want to start throwing APIE in their face (get it? APIE? A PIE? Oh whatever). The four autobiographical responses contained in APIE are as follows:
Advise: ("I know exactly what how you feel. This one time, I got stood up by my partner for the trapeze act, but it was all right because I had this solution using only the torch from the fire eaters' act and picking the lock on the tiger cage..." etc.)
Probe: ("Why did they fire you from the Karl Marx Center for Disenfranchised Youth again?")
Interpret: ("Well, according to the basic Jungian archetypes, I'd say Hank is definitely in touch with his anima...)
Evaluate: ("You're psycho.")
From Monday:
...People vent (men and women, though women are more notorious for it, whereas men want to fix everything). This is okay, because everyone needs to let off steam once in a while because things build up and if you're not careful you'll have an avalance of rage that has built up and it will spill forth and create a catastrophe of Biblical proportions, making people flee for their lives (which is uncomfortable in heels) and car alarms go off and small children cry. In short, nobody wants that to happen. So in order to deter such an event, people vent. Again, this is okay, as long as you vent responsibly. This is done though something called "I-Statements." This is very suitable here, as it goes along with such things as I-Teams, I-Cards, and other such I-Stuff that can be found around campus. They consist of four simple categories of statements:
1: Observation ("When I smelled that aerosol perfume you were spraying our the room this morning...")
2: Interpretation ("...I thought I was going to die from a severe chemical allergy provoking an adverse immune response.")
3: Feeling ("I felt that you were disregarding my life... and it hurt!!")
4: Outcome ("So next time, please do that on the balcony outside so you'll kill the wildlife, instead of me, the roomate that you undoubtedly love dearly." )...
The easiest way for me to do this is to just compile my notes and string my thoughts together and hope that they make sense to you.
The listening steps:
Ignore
Pretend
Selective
Active
Empathic
Empathic listening is the highest level of listening and can only be used when trust in a relationship is low and emotions are flying high.
Selective and Active listening have an agenda, there’s a point that the listener is trying to get at. Empathic listening is when that agenda is put away and it is solely for the help of the person speaking. To me this is when you are truly giving your time and wanting to help someone instead of being helped by them.
When we talk there are things that go on in our conversations, things we do that we might not even realize we are doing. APIE yep, we eat pie without knowing it.
A-Advise (That’s what happened to me! This is how I fixed it…)
P-Probe (Asking questions)
I-Interpret (Being a shrink. I know why you do that…)
E-Evaluate (Judging; right/wrong good/bad)
My main goal in Interpersonal is to learn how to be a better listener and so these past few days have been really helpful and informative to me. I had a chance to talk with one of my best friends tonight and I used some of the things we learned in class and I noticed when I wasn’t really being a very active listener. There were times in our conversation when I would zone out and then he would say something, or ask me a question and then I would pay attention better. He has had a tough week and so I tried to put my agenda away and just listen to what he had to say, but it wasn’t empathic listening from the definition we have from class because we have a high level of trust in our relationship and the emotional level wasn’t through the roof or anything. It just was a really nice conversation and I think it must have been highly active listening, like on both of our parts.
first off I must communicate to the class and say sorry for leaving class early today. ok now that’s out of the way. well I must say that im now starting to see the pic. just a slim part of it but its all unfolding every time we talk in class. when im having conversations with people im now thinking in the back of my head " I know what this person is trying to say in a round about way" I think its funny to see it. I’ve never looked a communication like this before and at times this can cause you to really want to argue your points with other people. Bro. Adams your making me bad....LOL j/k. anyways I have always wondered about a lot of things that im now learning about. like the emotional bank account. That’s so true. if someone cross's you in the wrong way in the beg. you automatically don’t like them..k that’s all I got for this blog.
Title:"Perhaps if I got just a little bit better..perhaps if I got a little bit wiser, just a little less needy.." -Maria Mena
So…umm…yeah. This is my second blog for the day because my computer went crazy on me earlier so I am just hoping that this one turns out better for me.
Our main focus in class was discussing the article about inconvenience by Gary Blair. I was pretty excited after reading this article because it seemed to be put in a way that was motivational and sensible to me. There was a list of all different things that we find “inconvenient” for us so we take the easy way out. I looked at those in a way that maybe I can improve on the things that I avoiding. “All progress, change, and success is based on a foundation of inconvenience,” says Gary Blair. My hope is that I can figure out and kind of move into those situations with the idea of being inconvenient. I guess I am so into a routine of doing what is convenient for me that I do not even realize the potential that I am missing out on.
Along with that we also discussed how the class is going to be laid out. There were additions that we needed to make in our blogs and we received a syllabus outline. This gives me a little more structure and a better idea as to where the class is going and what I am to expect.
Also, today I went to the “Time Management” speech by Bro. Adams. Out of all the things that were said, and mind you, there was a lot of good stuff, I think that the biggest thing I got out of it was that we have to get our own priorities straight first before we can manage our time. Going in and expecting a lecture on organization and scheduling and coming out with new ideas of how to improve ourselves. It was also inspiring like the article. I have gotten a better handle on the person that I want to become that I have so many brand new goals that I am striving for and I learned that it is how you organize and maintain those goals is what is going to help me organize everything else.
So…Last time we had class, yesterday—Wednesday-, I learned that when we listen to people we need to make sure that we are actually listening to them. Like Brother Adams said, if we are listening to someone and what they are saying triggers a thought onto the stage in our mind, we need to get that thought out immediately and stay focused because you can’t have two sets of stage crews trying to work on the same stage…Also, when communicating with others there is a good formula to use, but one can only use it when trust is high and emotion is low. Once trust is low and emotion is high, this formula is not at all effective. It is called “A.P.I.E.”:
A—Advising
P—Probing
I—Interpreting
E—Evaluating
Remember…the worth of souls is worth more than the whole world, so when you communicate with others, don’t treat them like “things.” Treat people like people. That is the most effective way to communicate with others.
Also, last night I went to Brother Adams’s Time Management Workshop, and I just have to say that I learned so much from that. I learned so much about prioritizing and the main thing is to keep the main thing the main thing. I have been thinking a lot about my own personal mission statement and have been trying to figure out seven hats that I wear in life. What are the main things in my life? At my 80th birthday party, who do I want to be there to speak about each of the seven hats that I have worn and what do I want them to say? Am I living the kind of life as I should be and becoming the person that I hope to be? As President Gordon B. Hinckley once taught, “How can I become the woman of whom I dream?”, and am I working daily to become that woman? What is my purpose in life and am I communicating my values through my actions? I have learned so much about prioritizing and communicating and I am really excited. I understand the concept that success is established through inconvenience, and I hope to be able to successfully apply that concept to my own life.
There are three main things that we touched on in class last time that I have thought about. The first one is comfort zones. It is natural for us to find our comfort zones and stay in them. I used to be really social but I have noticed that since I have come to school I have really found my comfort zone and have had a really hard time getting out of it. I used to think that I really liked change and that I adapted very well but the longer I am away from home I realize that I struggle more than I thought. The second thing that we talked about was that when trust is low autobiographical responses actually make withdrawals from the emotional bank account. I never really thought about that before because I guess that’s the way I respond to people. I have a really hard time not giving my imput or evaluating others. That is something that I am really trying to work on I guess because I have noticed that I have a really hard time not judging people. The last thing I want to mention is the scripture that we read. We talked about how the worth of a soul is worth more than the whole world. I think that is really powerful and makes us more aware of how we talk to people and also how we listen to them. We need to take the time to really care about them and understand them as an individual. Later that evening I also went to Brother Adam’s time management class and learned a ton. The first thing I realized is that I need to decide what hats I wear in my life and which ones I want to wear in my life. I need to decide how I can fit each one in to my week and keep them balanced. Another thing that I really liked that he said is that when you are looking to hard for perfection you are majoring in the miners. I really liked this because I am a really bad perfectionist and completely stress about the little things and usually don’t get the big things done. So keep the main thing the main thing.
I really enjoyed reflecting on all the things we learned so far in class last time we met. Believe it or not they apply to my life and I have enjoyed the application process. First off I liked the emotional bank account but not as much as the listening steps. I find that in my own life I tune out the things that I don’t want to hear, being selective. I only listen empathically when I truly want to know what is going on in that person’s life. Therefore, I have made a goal for myself to make an effort to want to know what is happening in my friend’s lives, listening empathically to what they need to say. If I was the person with the news etc. I would want the person I was telling to really pay attention and give feedback etc. do unto others as you would have others do to you right? Well, I love what we have learned so far everything is so applicable, now I am just repeating myself so I better stop here.
Hello class! so I'm not exactly sure what I'm supposed to put here. . .but anyways. Here are some of my thoughts about things we discussed in class on wednesday!
I thought that the article "Success and Inconvenience" was awesome! It brought a lot of things to my attention that I had never really thought of before.
Usually when you do something that is inconvenient, it is for someone else. It is an unselfish gesture.
Empathic listening is an unselfish gesture. It is putting off your agenda and taking the time to really listen and understand the other person.
Trust is a huge factor. I know that in my life, I won't open up to people about things that are dear to my heart unless I trust them.
I love the scripture, "The worth of souls is great in the sight of God." Everyone is a child of God. we can not forget that! When you understand this docterine, you realize the importance of empathic listening.
application:
Last summer I was a day camp councilor. It taught me a great deal about life, and about listening. Most of the kids who came to this camp had been shipped of to day care from an early age, and most of the time, really didn't have anyone around who would listen to them.
I made it my goal to be the councilor that the kids would to come to if something was wrong. I tried not to be judgemental, I would listen to all sides of the story. I wanted to be fair, and I wanted to be their friend. This was not an simple task. It was easy to get mad. for example:
"So and So hit me!" - kid
"Why did they do that?" - me
"Well, cause I hit them first." - kid
Patience. yes, I learned a great deal of patience.
Empathic listening is a skill that has to be learned over time. It takes practice, and mental effort.
Autobiographical responses usually bug me.
That's when you:
A(advise)
P(probe)
I(interpret)
E(evaluate)
I know for one in high school, most of the time I didn't want someone to judge, I just wanted someone to listen.
If someone wants your advise, or judgement, so on. . .they will ask.
Well that's about it for me! cya in class!
I once had a boss who told me the difference between the man at the top and the man at the bottom is the man at the bottom did only what he wanted to do or felt like doing. The man at the top did what he knew he had to and what no one else will. That is what the article reminded me of. It also made me think of John Bytheway's book How to be an extra-ordinary teen In there he juxtaposes what normal teens and exta-ordinary teens do. For example ordinary teens do what they are told. Extra-ordinary teens do it before they are askedd and go the exta mile.
We also discussed in class that men communicate to establish status. Women communicate to build the relationship. I thought that was quite interesting and now looking back on encounters with different friends throughout high school I find examples of these principles. Maybe that is why on average Men speek 1000 words a day and women speek 5000 words a day. Once a guy has established his status there is no more to say. There is always more talking needed to build a relationship
I was really impressed with the insights from the habit of inconvenience story we read. I love to see a group of people talking about something that can cause so much good in this world. These habits we are trying to make part of our lives will greatly help us in whatever field we decide to go into. We will be able to greatly bless those around us with what we are learning.
The scripture fit so well into what we were talking about today. Sometimes I forget that I am or that others are Sons and Daughters of God. We are great in His sight. I really enjoyed talking about how even though it doesn’t seem like much if we labor all our days and bring 1 soul unto God it would have been worth it!
This idea of inconvenience will help me learn in a way that is tough but there is not other way.
we will get doneuts from chris next monday!!!
I absolutely love this class! It has been quite confusing sometimes because it feels like things are all over the place and we're going no where with it. However, there are many things I have applied to my own life to see how the things we've learned are really true and work.
A few class periods ago I talked to Brother Adams about the relationship between my parents and my relationship with my fiancé, Drew. Love languages certainly are true and "yes," everyone has a primary one. :) I told Drew we won’t know what his is until we're married. I have NO clue but he absolutely Died laughing and has become an inside joke between us. He is coming to visit from Houston in 2 weeks and I hope to bring him to one of the classes. He'd be able to see what nonsense I'm being fed 3 times a week! ;) Wink* This class is fun and believe it or not, we may learn things in this class that we will use more than the things we learn in any other class. "SO AWESOME! You Don't Even Know!"
I'm excited to learn what I can about behavior; how to predict, react, and understand it.
"Albert Einstein taught, "The significant problems we face cannot be solved at the same level of thinking we were at when we created them." When paradigms shift, practices and behavior shift also." (6 Events: Stephen R. Covey pg. 9) The dictionary defines paradigms as- a set of assumptions, concepts, values, and practices that constitutes a way of viewing reality for the community that shares them, especially in an intellectual discipline.
Today: In class we learned about Unconscious Competence, Conscious Competence, Conscious Competence, and Unconscious Incompetence.
Competence - adequacy; possession of required skill, knowledge, qualification, or capacity.
“The conscience is the interval voice, our sensitivity or awareness, our sense of right and wrong. It is the Spirit of Jesus Christ, which is given to every person who comes into the world (D&C 84:45-46).” (The Divine Center: Stephen R. Covey pg. 180)
Today we focused on a particular article about successful people. It mainly focused on the fact that an inconvenience will keep a person from doing what they want to do, which is true in almost any situation with people. Looking back I noticed that I would be interested in doing something exciting like a trip to Catalina Island with my school, but when I found that it required preparation or any kind of extra work, I would lose interest. Coming to school, and receiving great encouragement from my roommates, I have kind of slipped out of that habit. Reading that article, I realized that I could be a more successful person if I wouldn’t let an inconvenience scare me. Discussing it with other classmates also helped, in that their own expressions of appreciation for the article helped mine to grow. We were able to discuss it on the same level and understand the point it was trying to make. Hopefully I can get myself into the habit of overlooking the inconvenience and become more successful in my own life.
Today I learned that:
1. On an Interpersonal level (which in my opinion, isn't synonymous with "professional"), it is important to truly care about what the other person has to say, because of the scripture that Shae read. I really need to work on that.
2. It is not easy to communicate well; especially if you're trying to be efficient. I believe that it is possible however to be efficient while communication without hurting feelings.
3. APIE made a lot of sense to me -I have decided that the best form of communication is really listening to the Spirit, and saying only what is concurrent with what you feel compelled to say by promptings. Basically, I think that if you're completely in tune with the Spirit, you will not communicate poorly. In fact, I think that it is silly to study how to calculate your responses to be sincere - because sincerity is not calculated - sincerity is speaking from your heart.
I know that it's important to learn how to speak without offending others, but I don't want to feel as if I'm being taught to manipulate people through my communication.
APIE is a good tool for that because if you can learn to use it through conversations that aren't extremely important, just random small talk, then when someone really needs a listening ear, we will already know and be the kind of listener he/she needs, without forcing a fake/calculated pattern of communication...(I statements...?)
Application:
I am going to only say things to others that are kind and uplifting, so that I can have an added measure of the Spirit in my life so that I can communicate more clearly, effectively, and righteously.
In elementary school they always have the “I Statement” diagram stapled to the bulletin board and I’ve always thought that most of the world considered this to be the most superior form of communication; however, I agreed with what Brook said in class about how transparent “I” statements are and how insincere it can be when you “catch” someone using this “trick” on you. It seems like what they’re really doing is trying to tell you how they feel in a way that they can trick you into “buying it” and not make you feel as if they’re blaming you when in their mind they probably are.
We learned that there are four common ways that people actively listen, and all turn the focus to one's self. (APIE) The first is by Advising. Sometimes people just want to express their feelings for the sake of expressing them. They don’t need a solution or help, but often times we try to force our opinion on them and tell them what we think they should do based on our personal experience. I do this often, but I’ve come to realize that people are not apt to take your advice when you give it without invitation. The Second way to listen actively is by Probing. We ask questions because we’re curious. We’re not concerned about their feelings or what they’re trying to say, we’re trying to find the answers to the questions that we have. The third way goes along with the second; it’s called Interpreting. Sometimes, after we probe for the answers we want we interpret what the person is saying or the reasons for the way they are feeling. The fourth way often times follows the third. After we Interpret we Evaluate. This is the same as judging the person for what they’re saying. In reality, we have no idea what their past experiences are or if they’re even telling us everything. One missing piece of information could completely change our perspective about what they’re trying to say. So they best thing to do is just not judge.
I was so glad when Brother Adams taught that there was one step higher in communication past the revered active listening “I” statement. Empathic listening is the highest form of listening and the least used. I remember a couple of people in class mentioning roommates or friends who listen without an agenda. Almost everyone knows someone who uses this method and their examples seem to stick with us as a model of admired communication. I remember when I was younger I had a brother-in-law who I admired for the way he treated others and I didn’t realize until years later that it was because of his empathic listening. I’ve heard a couple of people say that you only know him for about five minutes before you start spilling your guts to him. I already talked to my Mom about empathic listening verses the four ways that people actively listen. She had a lot to say. When you’re little you think everyone is teaching you that the best form of communication is the “I” statement, but now I realize that the things people say about putting yourself in the other’s shoes or “listen to what your brother has to say” are all ways of telling us that empathic listening is the supreme form of communication.
Success is Built on Inconveinience!
Brother Adams asked each of us to read the article he posted named "Success is Built on Inconveinience!" I truly enjoyed reading this article because it gave me personal insight into my behavior. Am I just doing certain things because they're conveinient and avoiding others because they may make me work a little harder? Am I taking the easy way out on life and missing out on true success? It's interesting to think about. While reading this article I pictured the little things throughout the day that bug me - whether it be someone or something and replayed in my mind the way I reacted. Unfortunately, for me, most of the time I reacted in the conveinient way and weasled out of things that I could have learned from and built upon to make me into a better person.
In class on Monday, we talked about being EFFECTIVE with people and EFFICIENT with things. Brother Adams outlined "APIE" which stands for Advise, Probe (ask questions), Interpret and Evaluate. In communications often people use agendas and we need to learn to set those personal agendas aside when trying to be effective with others. We learned that women tend to use communication to establish a relationship and usually vent to make themselves feel better, while men on the other hand, mainly use communication to establish pecking order and status and usually try to fix the situation instead of just talking about it, like women.
"I Statment"
1. observation
2. interpretation
3. feeling
4. outcome
We also discussed using "I" Statements in conflicts with others to effectively communicate our positions. I have a hard time with "I" statements because I personally feel that they are condescending and although you don't directly say "you, you, you" it certainly implies it and makes the other person feel defensive. Maybe I'm not using it the right way, but I just think it's cheesy.
Going back to the article, I think successful communication can only occur when we learn to take responsibility for our behaviors and try to not take the easy way out. We need to inconveinience ourselves occasionally to better ourselves and strenghten certain attributes that are key to communication.
Okay so, I finally figured out how to do this on Brother Adam's blog, so these last two comments are from Wednesday and Friday, sorry if it's confusing!
Motivation & My EBA
In class we talked about three things that motivate the human race. Money, cause and recognition. I would definitely have to say that my motivation is for recognition. I try to succeed and then look for people to say, "hey, good job!" and that's enough for me to keep doing that.
One of Stephen R. Covey's techniques that we talked about in class was the EBA - Emotional Bank Account. Deposits would be anything like getting recognition or praise or acknowledging something you did wrong and apologizing for it. Withdrawals would be anything that happens to you that is negative, like you got into a disagreement with a friend who didn't include you in something. Brother Adams said, "We sometimes make assumptions about others based on prejudices and will open our "EPA" with that person on a negative balance." I believe that this is true. Assumptions and prejudices play a major role in the way that we treat others, although it shouldn't.
We also briefly talked about the Stages of Listening, which are: Ignore, Pretend Listening, Selective, Active, and Empathetic. The latter of which we seldom encounter in our interactions with others. We learned that each of us listens with an agenda. Agendas relate to the stages of listening - empathetic listening requires putting your personal agenda aside and listening to understand where a person is coming from or what it is they are dealing with. It doesn't mean you neccessarily have to know how they feel, but you realize that their feelings are important and need to be expressed.
An eye-opening statement that I came across in class was when Brother Adams said, "The people that annoy me the most are mirroring something in myself that I don't want to recognize." At first I didn't want to believe that statement, but then I thought about it and realized that it was true. Before I can judge others and say that they're "annoying" then I must really look inside and see how I can change that thing about myself before I get mad about it through someone else.
Hello there fellow communicators. I have to admit I am a bit new to the whole blog scene, having been raised under a technological rock. I am trying to repent of my ways and need to do a bit of catch up after last Wednesday's class. This entry is for then and I will do another for Friday.
We have been recently studying APIE, which are inappropriate ways to respond to people in high emotion situations. I have heard of these things before but must admit that even though I have been aware of them I still could use a lot of practice just like most people.
For those who have served missions, it is very much like the method of using appropriate find out questions. One should not jump to conclusions but should let people talk. It is best to try to understand people well before one tries to make oneself understood.
My application of this is quite simple...just do it. I am trying to understand my own listening style more and trying to correct faults that I have in it.
PS Elizabeth, that is a pretty sweet picture. It has been staring me in the face as I have been writing. Kinda creepy but pretty cool.
On Friday Brother Adams mentioned something that has stuck with me and that I want to and need to apply in my life. He sadi that we need to work with people effectivly and with things efficiently. Too often, we tend to try and fix the problem on the spot but don’t really effectivly find the best solution. We are too concerned about fixing the problem immedietly. Also, we had started the topic on Wednesday, but we viewed situations on Friday of how this applied.
A-advise
P-probe
I-interpret
E-evaluate
When someone comes to us with a problem we often use one or all of these to find a solution. By using these, we are thinking about ourselves and not really empathically listening to what the person is really feeling. I know in my life, I have a roommate who is depressed all the time. She does not even know why she is feeling this way. Everyday we will talk and I try to probe by asking her questions which results in me evaluating her condition and in return giving her advise to solve the problem. So badly I want to her bo happy, but gving her a solution that I have evaluated does not help the situation. I simply need to be there for her to talk to and confide in.
Hey everybody! If you click on my previous post it won't take you to my page, so I am reposting so you can click on this one. . .anyways. . I'll see you all in class. . .
We finally went over the class syllabus. It has been a great time so far in class. I am learning a lot especially with dealing with people. First activity we did was we divided ourselves into groups so we can discuss the article we were supposed to read for homework. Wow that was really interesting!
"When things get inour way (not planned), it is an inconvenience and makes us grow (dealing with it)". It's true.
Another thing that I learned from Bro Adams is to not probe when trust is low, and emotions are high.
Hockey game tomorrow at 4:30PM. The team (Spartans) are looking sharp.
Well, this is my first blog so here we go. I enjoyed class today. Actually, I always enjoy this class because I feel so close to the members of the class already.
Anyway, today I learned about A PIE and what that stands for. it is interesting to find out the way that I personally listen and handle conversations. I love to "A" advise and help others solve their problems or atleast feel better. I also am great at "P" probing. I love to ask question to find out what the real issue is that a person is trying to get accross. After doing some probing I do some "I" interpreting. I'm not much of a fan of this step and usually quickly move to "E" evaluate. I start trying to solve the problem or help the person with the situation. It's kinda funny that I'm not the only one that does this without thinking about it. I know that I need to change that and become a better listener.
Alright, here goes my first blog. I've been slacking in posting blogs but i was kinda confused about the subject material taught in class. There's so much that i've missed, i dont know where to start.
there are 5 level of listening:
1. Ignore
2. Pretend
3. Selective
4. Active
5. Empathic
I am a selective listener, and its not because i like to. I've been thinking this for a long time that i might have ADD. I am constantly in and out and have a hard time focusing. However, if its something important then i tend to get into active listening mode. Active listening involves APIE,
A-Advise
P-Probe
I-Interpret
E-Evaluate
This was kinda surprising because i tend to do this a lot. I am a good listener and good advisor. I love taking the situation and analysing it from all angles. When someone comes to me with problems i dont sympathise with them easily. I try to turn the situation around so they can see for themselves. If only i could use that talent on my own problems.LOL. Empathic listening is used when trust is low and emotions are high. This doesnt come easy because a lot of times people are empathic if they've been through the same or similar. For example i could show empathy for another non-member struggling here in school.
Lastly, the 4 elements of good I-statments are;
1.Observation
2.Interpretation
3.Feeling
4.Outcome
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